AUTHOR=Bogos Krisztina , Bajcsay András , Gálffy Gabriella , Tamási Lilla , Pápai-Székely Zsolt , Sárosi Veronika , Maráz Anikó , Pálföldi Regina , Horváth Lilla , Hoffer Judit , Szécsényi Szilvia , Kirschner Kata , Blasszauer Celia , Reibl Dániel , Komka Ida , Ascsillán Anna A. , Kemény Lajos V. , Ostoros Gyula 
  
TITLE=Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer in Hungary: a real-world analysis (2013–2022)
  
JOURNAL=Pathology and Oncology Research
  
VOLUME=Volume 32 - 2026
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.por-journal.com/journals/pathology-and-oncology-research/articles/10.3389/pore.2026.1612491
  
DOI=10.3389/pore.2026.1612491
  
ISSN=1532-2807
  
ABSTRACT=This study provides a comprehensive nationwide analysis of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) in Hungary, examining incidence rates, demographic trends, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes. We used data from the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) covering the period of 2013–2022, and we analyzed 8,104 ES-SCLC patients who received first-line (1L) etoposide-platinum (EP) chemotherapy, all of whom were confirmed to not have received concomitant chemoradiotherapy or curative thoracic surgery and had histology results in line with SCLC. We evaluated epidemiology, regional distribution, radiotherapy use, and subsequent treatment pathways. For the efficacy analysis, we narrowed the cohort to 5,576 patients who initiated EP within 1 year of their first C34-coded lung cancer diagnosis between 2013 and 2019, enabling 3-year follow-up. Key endpoints included overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), the latter of which was inferred using time to first subsequent therapy (TFST). Our results revealed a shifting age distribution toward the age group above 70 years, while the male-to-female ratio gradually evened out. Treatment patterns showed the increasing use of carboplatin over cisplatin and frequent short course radiotherapy. Among those who underwent subsequent therapy, EP rechallenge was most widespread. Despite high initial response rates, survival outcomes remained poor: median PFS was 6.5 months (6-month: 52.9%, 1-year: 19%, 3-year: 5.2%), and median OS was 9.3 months (6-month: 69.8%, 1-year: 37.5%, 3-year: 9.2%). These results were in line with international real-world evidence and clinical trial data. Our findings highlight the aggressive nature of ES-SCLC and provide insight to the limited efficacy of chemotherapy-based therapies, underscoring the need to improve existing 1L and subsequent-line treatments and to introduce novel options. As Hungary transitions into the immunotherapy era, future studies with extended follow-up that incorporate staging, radiotherapy intent, comorbidities, and progression data will be essential for optimizing therapeutic strategies.